Retirement

Retirement means the end of professional work, mainly due to age or other factors. The generalized retirement of social groups is the product of industrialization. Some professions have specific names for retirement.

The story

In the ancient world, agriculture was the mainstay of the economy, and most people were engaged in agriculture. For thousands of years, farmers have been the most common occupations. After entering old age, people who have lost their labor generally depend on savings and child support. On the other hand, before large-scale industrialization in the 19th century, the average life expectancy in all regions of the world did not exceed forty years and the elderly population was not the main body of the population.

The industrial revolution started in Europe in the 17th century, and in the 19th century, European countries began to enter an industrialized society. The pension system of modern society was born from the conception of the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck in 1889 to unify Germany and form the German Empire. His original conception was that German society had set up a national employment system. The employees retired at the age of 70 and the government paid pensions until his death. In 1916, Germany lowered the retirement age to 65, becoming the cradle of the pension system in industrial countries around the world.

Form

Legally retirement

The upper limit of the retirement age set by general labor laws and regulations is 60 or 65 years. Staff older than this year cannot continue to work. However, some retirees will continue to work in the home unit or in other places as consultants or other names, or undertake volunteer work such as volunteering. Very few positions, like the Pope of Rome, are permanent. Unless you resign, you will remain in office until you die.

After the Second World War, the average life expectancy of the world's population increased considerably, while developed countries generally entered an aging society. As the 21st century dawns, as the population ages, the labor force declines. The government that issued the retirement pension as an annuity faces enormous financial pressures to maintain the existing system. Since January 2012, the German government has gradually raised the statutory retirement age from 65 to 67. In 2013, the British government announced that it would raise the statutory retirement age to 68 in the 2030s. It is estimated that by 2050, the statutory retirement age in the United States and Germany will be 67 years old. The legal retirement age in Italy and Denmark is 69 years.

Early retirement

Early retirement plans, also known as voluntary retirement plans, preferential retirement plans and preferential retirements, are administrative measures taken by public or private institutions to reduce the number of staff and personnel costs associated with mergers or large-scale reorganizations. In general, employees who participate in this type of plan will receive a rich ex gratia payment as an incentive in addition to the original statutory compensation when they request early retirement. If the early retirement plan fails to reach the target, management can also fire staff to achieve the plan originally set.

Life of retirement

After retirement, people's psychology will change and social problems will arise if they cannot adapt. For minors, for example, in malls and offices in big cities, some older people wear work clothes, such as suits, briefcases, and appear in parks and other places.

In recent years, due to changes in the environment, in order to reduce staff costs and avoid paying high pensions to retired employees, some companies have replaced regular employees with non-routine jobs such as l 'alternation and distribution of staff. Can still benefit from employment insurance and retirement protection under the new pension system). Even by various means, such as arbitrary mobilization of work, reduction of wages or refoulement, etc., this has caused many social problems. Some countries have enacted laws to prevent this behavior and are promoting national annuity-type insurance systems such as national annuities for strengthen basic protection for those who do not participate in work insurance, agricultural insurance, public education or military insurance.